Artificial
intelligence
Artificial
intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited
by machines. In computer science, the
field of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents":
any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its
chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term
"artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics
"cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human
minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".
李開復2017年哥大畢業典禮演講：愛，讓人類有別於人工智能
哈佛大學教育學院院長給畢業生最重要的一堂課《人生思考題》
Freytag
In
1863, Gustav Freytag, a German writer, advocated a model based upon Aristotle's
theory of tragedy. This is now called "Freytag's pyramid," which
divides a drama into five parts, and provides function to each part. These
parts are: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement.
Exposition
The
first phase in Freytag's pyramid is the exposition, which introduces the
characters, especially the main character, also known as the protagonist. It
shows how the characters relate to one another, their goals and motivations, as
well as their moral character. During the exposition, the protagonist learns
their main goal and what is at stake.
Conflict
Freytag's
definition of conflict refers to the second act in a five-act play, a point of
time in which all of the major characters have been introduced, their motives
and allegiances have been made clear, and they have begun to struggle against
one another.
Rising action
Rising
action is the second phase in Freytag's five-phase structure. It starts with a
conflict, for example, the death of a character. The inciting incident is the
point of the plot that begins the conflict. It is the event that catalyzes the
protagonist to go into motion and to take action. Rising action involves the
buildup of events until the climax.
In this
phase, the protagonist understands his or her goal and begins to work toward
it. Smaller problems thwart their initial success and their progress is
directed primarily against these secondary obstacles. This phase demonstrates
how the protagonist overcomes these obstacles.
Climax
The
climax is the turning point or highest point of the story. The protagonist
makes the single big decision that defines not only the outcome of the story,
but also who they are as a person. Freytag defines the climax as the third of
the five dramatic phases which occupies the middle of the story.
At the
beginning of this phase, the protagonist finally clears away the preliminary
barriers and engages with the adversary. Usually, both the protagonist and the
antagonist have a plan to win against the other as they enter this phase. For
the first time, the audience sees the pair going against one another in direct
or nearly direct conflict.
This
struggle usually results in neither character completely winning or losing. In
most cases, each character's plan is both partially successful and partially
foiled by their adversary. The central struggle between the two characters is
unique in that the protagonist makes a decision which shows their moral
quality, and ultimately decides their fate. In a tragedy, the protagonist here
makes a poor decision or a miscalculation that demonstrates their tragic flaw.
Falling action
According
to Freytag, the falling action phase consists of events that lead to the
ending. Character's actions resolve the problem. In the beginning of this
phase, the antagonist often has the upper hand. The protagonist has never been
further from accomplishing their goal. The outcome depends on which side the
protagonist has put themselves on.
Resolution
In
this phase the protagonist and antagonist have solved their problems and either
the protagonist or antagonist wins the conflict. The conflict officially ends.
Some stories show what happens to the characters after the conflict ends and/or
they show what happens to the characters in the future.
Aluminium
foil
Aluminium
foil (or aluminum foil), often referred to
with the misnomer tin foil, is aluminium prepared in
thin metal leaves with a thickness less than 0.2 mm (7.9 mils);
thinner gauges down to 6 micrometres (0.24 mils) are also commonly used. In
the United States, foils are commonly gauged in thousandths of an inch or mils.
Standard household foil is typically 0.016 mm (0.63 mils) thick, and heavy
duty household foil is typically 0.024 mm (0.94 mils). The foil is
pliable, and can be readily bent or wrapped around objects. Thin foils are
fragile and are sometimes laminated to other materials such as plastics or paper to
make them more useful. Aluminium foil supplanted tin foil in the mid
20th century.
Closet
drama
A closet
drama is a play that is not intended to be performed onstage,
but read by a solitary reader or, sometimes, out loud in a small group. The
dichotomy between private 'closet' drama (designed for reading) and public
'stage' drama (designed for performance in a commercial theater setting) dates
from the late eighteenth century. The practice of circulating plays in
written form (printed or handwritten) for literary audiences predates this
period, however.
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